Ethics in Data and Web Mining

Ethics in Data and Web Mining Liliam Faraon What is the importance of ethics in Data Mining? We live in a time when the pursuit of knowledge is indispensable. From the transformations we have witnessed in the past years, we can acknowledge that information assumes a growing importance and a requirement for any sector of human activity. Some authors say that 90% of all data in the world has been generated over the last two years, and more and more devices will be connected to the internet generating data that can be used by companies to predict patterns of consumption and increase specific sales. The article: 17 Internet of Things Facts Everyone Should Read published by Forbes in October, 2015, brings us an idea of some numbers and the potential market that is available to be exploit: Nowadays there are more objects connected to the internet than people; By the year of 2020 around 250.000 vehicles will be connected to the internet, (saving time spend in traffic, fuel, improving the performance and protecting the environment and generating data); The global wearable device market has grown 223% only in 2015 specially by the launching of Fitbit ® and Apple Watches; Internet of Things will add $10 to $15 trillion to global GDP by 2036; But looking at all the facts some questions are raised, such as: how the data we produce is managed and stored? How is it perceived? How businesses are taking advantage from all the that information? And finally, how do we protect our own data and make sure is not being used without consent? Thats where web mining poses a threat to ethical values, such as individuality and privacy. Improvements in IT and storage capacity has enabled companies to develop tools for data collection through many channels. There are a variety of ways individuals generate data, such as: ATM visits, bar-code readers, biometric devices, credit and debit card transactions, loyalty clubs, medical records, online shopping, rentals, scanners, subscriptions, website browsing and use of many Smart devices available. As a result, there is an exponential growth of the amount of data stored and available to be explored. This generation of data brought the need of new techniques and technologies that can analyse and convert all this information into useful knowledge and Data Mining becomes a very powerful resource. When all these data are merged and mined, they can infer a persons associations, credit information, health, income, political interests and tastes. Liu defines data mining as The process of discovering useful patterns or knowledge from data sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The patterns must be valid, potentially useful and understandable. (Liu, 2011, p. 6). Data mining based on algorithms are very automated and analytical tools and its use is rapidly increasing. By combining databases, information visualisation, machine learning, mathematical modelling, pattern recognition, statistics and more recently artificial intelligence, very large and complex datasets can be analysed and relationships, patterns, outliers and trends can be revealed. Figure 1: Data Mining         Ã‚   Raw data itself is not useful at all, but the information that can be extracted from the data is where the real value seats. We have endless amounts of data being produced and stored, it makes sense companies and governments have the desire to analyse all this data to uncover patterns potentially useful hidden in there. Data Mining process is basically categorised into two classes: Descriptive: describes the general properties of information stored in a database Predictive: draws inferences from the data in order to make predictions. Witten emphasises: Data Mining is about solving problems by analysing data already present in databases (Witten, 2013, p. 4). Decision makers desire the right answers for broad questions and obviously, the more data gathered the more questions raised. Which customers are likely to respond in a positive way to a marketing campaign? What products will have more success when launched? What is the best price range for a new product? How do the competitors tend to react? The response for those questions cannot be reached based on feelings or intuition, they can be answered by analysing customers behaviour and profile using data mining tools. By collecting and summarizing and making use of data mining companies and organisations can identify insights and obtain competitive advantage, recognize potential competitors, improve customer service relationship, target customer expectations and needs. It also has important uses in social business and science, most recently Government Agencies are using Data and Web mining applications to uncover criminal activities such as terrorist threats. There are many Data Mining tools are available in the market nowadays, each one with its particularities, the most common are KNIME, NLTK, Orange, RapidMiner (formerly known as YALE), R-Programming and WEKA . Ethics must be a condition of the world, like logic. Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1889-1951. Giant social media such as LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter hold billions of users data, keeping these data protect and as a secret is a big concern. When an individual creates an account on any of those social media channels a policy agreement is accepted, and it is basically data related. Data Mining analysts use people personal information collected by organisations all over the world through many different technologies and use them especially for prediction analysis, but practitioners must be very careful when analysing patterns, certain kinds of discrimination are not only unethical but also illegal, gender, religion, race and certain sensitive information is totally unacceptable, in the other hand, anonymizing data is very difficult, for example, over 85% of Americans can be identified from publicity available records using just three pieces of information: zip code, birth date and sex (Witten, 2013, p.33). When a person shops for a product online, the company has access to customers address, credit card, name, phone number and other information in their database. But how does the company encrypts the information and protects it from misuse or security breach is and ethical and legal issue. Some matters are also raised: Is it ethical and legal to use the users information for publicity purposes? How can users protect their right of privacy? Where does the right of a company meets the ethics when sharing its data with another company to comprehend and understand customers and increase profit by selling this information to third party companies is a very important matter and it must be carefully discussed. There is a thin line between of a persons privacy and companys right to use it. When a person provides personal information, he or she needs to know how and what it will be used and a few steps must be taken to guarantee confidentiality and integrity. The use of data particularly data about people for data mining has serious ethical implications and practitioners of data mining techniques must act responsibly by making themselves aware of the ethical issues that surround their particular application. (Witten, 2013, p. 33). There is a growing concern regarding to the use of private and sensitive information and the ethical issues of Data Mining must be analysed and understood both from the business and the personal point of view. From a personal point of view, by Data Mining execution respecting consent, privacy and regulations customers might appreciate the fact they are being target with more personalized offers based on circumstances and needs and in return they may be willing to provide more specific data about themselves. From a business point of view by respecting the privacy issues companies will save resources as they will be able to target very specific customers for certain products. It is obvious that as any other powerful technology there are negative consequences of Data Mining, some results can ineffective, misdirected or unregulated, but if used correctly it can be very resourceful. Some points are very important and organizations making use of data mining techniques should give a thought about them when the use of personal data is planned: Connectivity and data sharing All the users and people that give consent are connected through the internet and share data Security is essential Once all the information traffics through databases, companies worry about the security and privacy, that way all the data will be encrypted, the web services will be hosted in a server with a certificate installed and authentication user The importance of Privacy Policy Privacy Policy is a legal statement and regulates the privacy policy related to users personal data which is under companies responsibility Infrastructure The process will not function without an application to analyse, interpret, read and draw patterns from the data Account management: Gathering and leveraging Account Management has all the information gathered and leveraged, and elaborate can advertising campaigns. It plays an important role in the profitability of the company Information could be released without the consent of the person, it becomes an ethical dilemma, because sometimes the users are unaware of the information gathered and that is being used by companies. It is very important to highlight that the person has the right to know how it will be used and should be able to have the opportunity to consent or not the collection and use. And also when a person becomes part of a group profile and used as a decision making basis, the individuality is threatened, people cannot be judged only as group members, but also as an individual, able to make its own decisions. It is likely that in the next few years an inspection of ethical issues and legal implications will be further required, legislation of digital privacy will be developed and laws will enter force, confidentiality and privacy preservation should be the main points of concern. Unauthorised extraction of data will be considered a crime and companies must be ready for that. Data Mining algorithms are very important and powerful tools for analysis and predictions, they are expected to become more and more significant in the future, decision based on data will change the way companies base their processes, of course there are no 100% guarantee that they will succeed, but, are more likely to be successful than decisions based on feelings or gut. Once patterns are revealed profiles can be drown and stereotypes can be used for crime prevention, commercial proposes, marketing campaigns, policies development and many others. Meanwhile Data Mining ethical issues need to be raised and awareness increased, as the world continues to develop, more and more data is likely to be collected and the Data Mining processes will become more sophisticated. People will need to get a clearer idea of privacy and companies will have to become more transparent on its processes of collect, gather and use of data. Cook, Jack (2005). Ethics of data mining. Available at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1443context=article Ethics in Computing. Available at: https://ethics.csc.ncsu.edu/privacy/mining/study.php [Accessed: 02 March 2017]. Fule, Peter. Detecting Privacy and Ethical Sensitivity in Data Mining Results. Available at: http://crpit.com/confpapers/CRPITV26Fule.pdf Liu, Bing. (2011). Web Data Mining: Exploring Hyperlinks, Contents, and Usage Data, Springer MARR, Bernard.17 Internet Of Things Facts Everyone Should Read (2015). Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2015/10/27/17-mind-blowing-internet-of-things-facts-everyone-should-read/#5e463ad01a7a [Accessed: 01 March 2017]. Wahlstrom, Kirsten (2006). On the Ethical and Legal Implications of Data Mining. Available at: https://csem.flinders.edu.au/research/techreps/SIE06001.pdf Witten, Ian H (2013). Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, Morgan Kaufmann. Zhen, Ethical issues in Web Data Mining. Available at:http://blog.nus.edu.sg/group208/2012/11/25/ethical-issues-in-web-data-mining/ [Accessed: 01 March 2017].

Ceo Safety Policy Statement

Safety Policy Statement a. Safety is paramount in all flight operations. Company X manages safety risks related to its operations to as low a level as reasonably practicable. Company X will manage safety through its dedicated commitment to implement and maintain Company X’s Safety Management System. This commitment includes the responsibility of both Company X’s management and employees to continuously improve the level of safety and never to become complacent when it comes to the safety of Company X’s operations. It is the joint responsibility of everyone connected within the flight operation to be proactive and ensure all safety hazards are identified, analyzed and, where possible, eliminated or avoided. When this is not possible, mitigation is developed, implemented and tracked to verify that the level of the associated risks are acceptable. It will also be the commitment of both management and of all employees to comply with all applicable regulatory requirements when conducting Company X’s Operation. . The purpose of the safety policy is to manage safety proactively and effectively. This is attained by utilizing the Company X SMS to: i. Identify and manage safety risks specific to the company’s flight operations. ii. Encourage employees to report safety issues without the fear of reprisal. iii. Collect and analyze information and feedback through the continuous improvement system so as to continually improve safety management activities. iv. When safety issues are discovered it is assumed that both management and the employees have shared responsibility and accountability in finding ways to fix the safety issues and in ensuring that the prescribed procedures to fix the problems are carried out and also to help notify the Director of Safety as to whether these procedures are working or not. v. Both management and the employees are expected to follow all safety procedures and policies of Company X including the reporting of all safety issues and hazards to the Director of Safety. i. The SMS program will also provide management guidance for implementing new procedures and processes to ensure that a high level of safety is maintained when these new procedures and policies are carried out. vii. The Director of Safety reviewing Company X’s safety objectives each month to ensure they are current and still applicable to Company X’s Operations. The Director of Safety will ensure that any safety objectives not meetin g current safety standards and goals will be revised as necessary. c. Company X’s safety policy also requires the full support of safety from top level management. Flight crew members, aircraft maintenance personal and others involved in the operation of Company X will always have the full support of the CEO as long as they operate professionally in accordance with company manuals and procedures. All company personnel have a duty to openly and honestly report events and hazards using the continuous improvement system. The CEO will ensure that all such reports will be thoroughly investigated in a non-punitive manner. The CEO of the company is ultimately responsible for: i. Sustaining conditions that promote the safe operation of company aircraft, ii. Ensuring that all safety related company positions, responsibilities and authorities are defined, documented and communicated throughout the company. iii. Define and publish which levels of management can make safety risk acceptance decisions in regards to company operations. iv. Providing the resources (in time and money) to assure the safe operation of company aircraft, and v. Actively supports the Safety Management System.

The 30-Second Trick for Essay Titles Samples

The 30-Second Trick for Essay Titles Samples What You Don't Know About Essay Titles Samples A requirement for college program, essays are here in order to stay. With the aid of a professional writer, your essay will be prepared within a day. If so, it needs a title. A well-written essay is fantastic. Try out professional online writing service full of talented writers who will think of the most effective, intriguing essay title and the remainder of the paper! The website is not hard to navigate and it takes not more than a moment to create the essays of your pick. Like every assignment, a descriptive essay has a certain intent. An essay generator is an alternative for those students that have problems to locate something to chat about on their essays, they don't have the creativity neither the patient to choose a topic type instead of even a subject location. ARandom topic generatoris made to help you locate the most fascinating and appropriate topic for your essay. Checking essay examples is first step of discovering the answer of how to initiate a college essay. The Essay Titles Samples Trap An essay has become the most common sort of academic paper assigned at the school and college level on any sort of topic, with the most important aim to cover a specific parcel of information in the most in-depth way. If you experience a writer's block try utilizing essay introduction generator to provide you with some tips on how to proceed. Naturally, the tone of your essay has an important part in making an ideal title. Very good titles for es says supply the possible audience with the role of reading the paper in the very first place. A title may be the determining factor whenever someone is picking a book to purchase. Very often, it is a critical factor when somebody is selecting a book to purchase. Such working title might just remind the author of the principal focus and idea of writing. Ultimately, the combining title connects the prior ones and makes a more powerful effect on readers. Titling an essay is not ever an easy thing. If appropriate and relevant to the discipline, even part of song lyric can serve exactly the same purpose. In creative assignments, it's possible to apply a very long song lyric. Where to Find Essay Titles Samples Our essay typers have a diverse wisdom and access to a huge database and canthus deliver the precise academic content that you need. Place your purchase, list main instructions, and you'll be assigned with a skilled academic writer. It's simple to use, has many features, and is an enjoyable means of developing a title. The rich selection of our essay typer service s will allow you to attain much better grades. There are a lot of sources you may utilize. It's simpler to develop the appropriate title knowing the whole essay's structure and the arguments discussed. Thus, there's no preview about the aim of your study. Among the factors is the way to title an essay. You want to make a productive essay title page for it. The three expert help will help to how to select a title for an essay. You may specify a title for your essay on your own, or you'll be able to use essay title generator. Therefore, if you don't find out how to title an essay effectively, here are a few suggestions and suggestions for you to address. Here's What I Know About Essay Titles Samples If you think about creating titles easy and you don't require any narrative essay prompts college or higher school students want to follow, it is genuinely great. To make things worse, crafting a superb title is not a simple feat. If you're one of the numerous students that are requested to write about Romeo and Juliet and it's still true that you find it difficult to look for good and inspiring title for your work, then, you don't need to worry. Each student desires the maximum grade.

Essay about The Psychology behind Keeping or Losing...

In 1997, the Adoption and Safe Families Act was passed to specifically address the health and welfare of foster children. It established strict time lines for children to be returned to their parents, or terminate parental rights so children could be adopted. In cases of sexual and chronic physical abuse, the ASFA authorized states to dispense with efforts to reunify the family and move directly to termination of parental rights (Myers, 2006, p. 102). In summary, the many advances in the child welfare protections suggest an evolving recognition of the special protections that children need and require. â€Å"From the colonial period well into the 19th century, childhood was not considered a special phase of human development. For the most†¦show more content†¦It is therefore not surprising that in many situations the concept of â€Å"sparing the rod and spoiling the child† has been passed down generationally, sometimes to the point where abuse is an end result (Cro sson-Tower, 2010). The child protection movement had a peculiar start as it evolved out the animal protection movement organized by Henry Bergh, who had gained attention from the community leaders of New York while tending to mistreated animals (Watkin, 1990). In 1874, the beatings and repeated maltreatment of a young girl by the name of Mary Ellen Wilson was brought to the attention of a church worker named Etta Wheeler (Watkin, 1990). Ms. Wheeler pleaded with both Henry Bergh and attorney Elbridge Gerry to prosecute the stepmother (Mrs. Mary Connelly) for abusing the child (Watkin, 1990). Mrs. Connelly was eventually sentenced to a year of prison labor, and Mary Ellen was removed from the home and placed in the care of Sally Angell, the mother of Etta Wheeler. This effort to rescue one child was the impetus for the formation of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC), and in 1875. The New York Office of the SPCC was established by Elbridge Gerry and quick ly spread to Philadelphia and Chicago (Crosson-Tower, 2010). Throughout the early 20th century, advocates for the protection of children established Children’s Bureau and the Child Welfare League of America (CWLA), but its activity was slowed as a result of World War IShow MoreRelated Censorship in the Classroom Essay2774 Words   |  12 Pagesgives us, as citizens, the right to freedom of speech, expression, etc. outside of school, any parent or community member who feels we are subjecting children to unfit materials is a threat to the literature, the classs stability, and even the teachers job within the school.    Not all parents or community members are censors, by any means. Censors have characteristics that teachers need to be aware of. All of us censor ourselves at one point or another, keeping ourselves from swearingRead MoreYoung People Essay14812 Words   |  60 Pagesthe worker it is a right to training, opportunities for personal development, and support through supervision, target setting that is realistic and attainable, good employment practice and a safe working environment. The right to complain and the knowledge how to do so. For the young person the right to have own physical needs met, the right to be informed of their rights, the right to education, the right to choose, the right to participate, the right to be safe, the right to have rules thatRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCredits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any formRead MoreThis is an chapter by chapter summary of the book Becoming Attached, did it for extra credit11157 Words   |  45 Pagesknows is of the sucking of the breast or bottle. Another important concept in this chapter is that Bowlby thought that babies were capable of feeling a lost of a specific loved one. Weather it was through the anxiety the mother passed through after losing her husband or through not having the mother nearby. Bowlby said that there were three reactions that a baby had to separation: protest, despair, and detachment. Protest is an embodiment of separation anxiety, despair is an indication of mourningRead MoreAbnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 Pagesyou were . . . Jerry: I thought maybe I was having a heart attack. Interviewer: Okay. Source: Exerpted from â€Å"Panic Disorder: The Case of Jerry,† found on the Videos in Abnormal Psychology CD-ROM that accompanies this textbook. T⠝‘ F⠝‘ Some men in India have a psychological disorder characterized by anxiety over losing semen. (p. 74) T⠝‘ F⠝‘ Although it is not an exact science, the measurement of the bumps on a person’s head can be used to determine the person’s personality traits. (p. 80) T⠝‘ F⠝‘ AnRead MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14194 Words   |  57 Pagesdevelop the ability to: †¢ Understand abstract ideas, such as higher math concepts, and develop moral philosophies, including rights and privileges †¢ Establish and maintain satisfying relationships by learning to share intimacy without feeling worried or inhibited †¢ Move toward a more mature sense of themselves and their purpose †¢ Question old values without losing their identity World Health Organization: WHO defines adolescence both in terms of age (10-19 years) and in terms of a phaseRead MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14200 Words   |  57 Pagesthe ability to: †¢ Understand abstract ideas, such as higher math concepts, and develop moral philosophies, including rights and privileges †¢ Establish and maintain satisfying relationships by learning to share intimacy without feeling worried or inhibited †¢ Move toward a more mature sense of themselves and their purpose †¢ Question old values without losing their identity World Health Organization: WHO defines adolescence both in terms of age (10-19 years) and in terms of a phaseRead MoreDrug Abuse in Hk8526 Words   |  35 PagesHong Kong Prepared by: Table of Contents Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------P .4 Causes of abusing substances by young people P.5-6 Causes of Abuse and Difficulties of Giving Up P.7-8 Motivations hindered behind for risking lives-P.9-10 Hong Kong Youth Caught in Wave of Ketamine Addiction P.11-12 Insights into the motivations of the drug user in Hong KongP.13-14 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------P.15 Works Cited---Read Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagespublished by the Department of Education, 1430 N Street, Sacramento, CA 95814-5901. It was distributed under the provisions of the Library Distribution Act and Government Code Section 11096.  ©2010 by the California Department of Education All rights reserved ISBN 978-8011-1708-4 Ordering Information Copies of this publication are available for sale from the California Department of Education. For prices and ordering information, please visit the Department Web site at http://www.cde.caRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesand reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form