Cost Classification Hersheys Chocolates - 2168 Words

Table of ContentsIntroduction1Part 111.1 Product Chosen - Hersheys Kisses.11.2 Cost Classification21.3 Explanations3Part 252.1 Production process.52.2 Type of product costing - Process costing62.3 Differences between management accounting (MA) and financial accounting (FA) - cost of inventory7Part 38References10Appendices12IntroductionThe Hershey Company (Hershey) was the chosen listed manufacturing company which to be discussed in this assignment. They are the largest North American manufacturer of quality chocolate and sugar confectionery products (The Hershey Company, 2009a). Part 11.1 Product Chosen - Hersheys Kisses. Hersheys Kisses are a type of chocolate manufactured by The Hershey Company. The bite-sized pieces of chocolate†¦show more content†¦That is, the machines total depreciation expense is the same each year regardless of volume produced on the machine. Occasionally, there are also curvilinear costs, for example cost of electricity, when market demand for Hersheys Kisses rises, electricity costs will increase at an increasing rate and vice versa. Besides that, most of the variable costs within Hersheys production department are thought to be controllable in short period of time; conversely, many fixed costs areuncontrollable in the short term (U.S Department of Education, 2007). For instance, Hersheys production managers could make decision on resources allocations which may influence the efficiency such as reduce direct labours overtime or control of the quantity of raw materials used for production; however, Hersheys production manager may not be able to influence the factory rental charged by the landlord. The value chain is a set of linked processes or activities which includes the upstream costs, downstream costs and the production costs or manufacturing cost (Blocher, Stout, Cokins, Kung, 2005). Some upstream costs found in production of Hersheys Kisses would be Research and Development costs that conducted by Hershey to produce higher quality Hersheys Kisses; wages of the designer on designing new packaging of Hersheys Kisses would be the designShow MoreRelatedMarketing Is Discovering And Satisfying Consumer Needs1116 Words   |  5 Pages Question #1 (6 Marks) The first objective in marketing is discovering and satisfying consumer needs. Explain the consumer insight that led to the re-launch of Hershey’s new chocolate bar. The consumer’s of the Take 5 chocolate bar were in their late teens and young adulthood who still enjoyed their brakes with tasteful treats. The target users were asked to give a comparison between the other treats that were available along with the Take 5. 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Organizational buying is __________. a. the process by which organizations recognize their needs for goods and services b. a way a company can produce a greater variety of high-quality products at lower cost, in less time, with less labor c. the decision-making process by which organizations establish and satisfy their needs for goods and services (difficult) p. 102 d. the practice of establishing of strategic partnerships between manufacturers and theirRead MoreAccounting 1-4 Chapter100452 Words   |  402 Pagesbusiness decisions. Marketing: A marketing specialist at a company like Procter Gamble develops strategies to help the sales force be successful. But making a sale is meaningless unless it is a profitable sale. Marketing people must be sensitive to costs and benefits, which accounting helps them quantify and understand. Finance: Do you want to be a banker for Citicorp, an investment analyst for Goldman Sachs, a stock broker for Merrill Lynch? 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Steinberg V the Chicago Medical School Free Essays

string(205) " fee to the school amounted to an offer; that the school’s voluntary reception of his fee constituted an acceptance and because of these events a contract was created between the school and himself\." Steinberg v The Chicago Medical School Appellate Court of Illinois, First District, Third Division. Mejda, P. J. We will write a custom essay sample on Steinberg V the Chicago Medical School or any similar topic only for you Order Now , and McGloon, J DEMPSEY, Justice: In December 1973 the plaintiff, Robert Steinberg, applied for admission to the defendant, the Chicago Medical School, as a first-year student for the academic year 1974–75 and paid an application fee of $15. The Chicago Medical School is a private, not-for-profit educational institution, incorporated in the State of Illinois. His application for admission was rejected and Steinberg filed a class action against the school, claiming that it had failed to evaluate his application and those of other applicants according to the academic entrance criteria printed in the school’s bulletin. Specifically, his complaint alleged that the school’s decision to accept or reject a particular applicant for the first-year class was primarily based on such nonacademic considerations as the *806 prospective student’s familial relationship to members of the school’s faculty and to members of its board of trustees, and the ability of the applicant or his family to pledge or make payment of large sums of money to the school. The complaint further alleged that by using such unpublished criteria to evaluate applicants the school had breached the contract, which Steinberg contended was created when the school accepted his application fee. In his prayer for relief Steinberg sought an injunction against the school prohibiting the continuation of such admission practices, and an accounting of all application fees, donations, contributions and other sums of money collected by the school from its applicants during a ten-year period prior to the filing of his suit. He did not ask the court to direct the school to admit him, to review his application or to return his fee. The defendant filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that the complaint failed to state a cause of action because no contract came into existence during its transaction with Steinberg inasmuch as the school’s informational publication did not constitute a valid offer. The trial court sustained the motion to dismiss and Steinberg appeals from this order. The 1974–75 bulletin of the school, which was distributed to prospective students, epresented that the following criteria would be used by the school in determining whether applicants would be accepted as first-year medical students: ‘Students are selected on the basis of scholarship, character, and motivation without regard to race, creed, or sex. The student’s potential for the study and practice of medicine will be evaluated on the basis of academic achievement, Medical College Admission Test results, p ersonal appraisals by a pre-professional advisory committee or individual instructors, and the personal interview, if requested by the Committee on Admissions. In his four-count complaint Steinberg alleged, in addition to his claim that the school breached its contract (Count I), that the school’s practice of using selection standards which were not disclosed in the school’s informational brochure, constituted a violation of the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. , **589 1973, ch. 121 1/2, par. 261, et seq. ) and of the Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. , 1973, ch. 121 1/2, par. 311, et seq. ) (Count II); fraud (Count III), and unjust enrichment (Count IV). Since we are in accord with the trial court’s decision that the complaint did not state a cause of action under Counts II, III and IV, we shall limit our discussion to Count I. A contract is an agreement between competent parties, based upon a consideration sufficient in law, to do or not do a particular thing. It is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a *807 remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty. Rynearson v. Odin-Svenson Development Corp. (1969), 108 Ill. App. 2d 125, 246 N. E. 2d 823. A contract’s essential requirements are: competent parties, valid subject matter, legal consideration, mutuality of obligation and mutuality of agreement. Generally, parties may contract in any situation where there is no legal prohibition, since the law acts by restraint and not by conferring rights. Berry v. De Bruyn (1898), 77 Ill. App. 359. However, it is basic contract law that in order for a contract to be binding the terms of the contract must be reasonably certain and definite. Kraftco Corp v. Koblus (1971), 1 Ill. App. 3d 635, 274 N. E. 2d 153. A contract, in order to be legally binding, must be based on consideration. Wickstrom v. Vern E. Alden Co. (1968), 99 Ill. App. 2d 254, 240 N. E. 2d 401. Consideration has been defined to consist of some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party or some forbearance, disadvantage, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other. Riddle v. La Salle National Bank (1962), 34 Ill. App. 2d 116, 180 N. E. 2d 719. Money its a valuable consideration and its transfer or payment or promises to pay it or the benefit from the right to its use, will support a contract. In forming a contract, it is required that both parties assent to the same thing in the same sense (La Salle National Bank v. International Limited (1970), 129 Ill. App. 2d 381, 263 N. E. 2d 506) and that their minds meet on the essential terms and conditions. Richton v. Farina (1973), 14 Ill. App. 3d 697, 303 N. E. 2d 218. Furthermore, the mutual consent essential to the formation of a contract, must be gathered from the language employed by the parties or manifested by their words or acts. The intention of the parties gives character to the transaction and if either party contracts in good faith he is entitled to the benefit of his contract no matter what may have been the secret purpose or intention of the other party. Kelly v. Williams (1911), 162 Ill. App. 571. Steinberg contends that the Chicago Medical School’s informational brochure constituted an invitation to make an offer; that his subsequent application and the submission of his $15 fee to the school amounted to an offer; that the school’s voluntary reception of his fee constituted an acceptance and because of these events a contract was created between the school and himself. You read "Steinberg V the Chicago Medical School" in category "Papers" He contends that the school was duty bound under the terms of the contract to evaluate his application according to its stated standards and that the deviation from these standards not only breached the contract, but amounted to an arbitrary selection which constituted a violation of due process and equal protection. He concludes that such a breach did in fact take place each and every time during the past ten years that the school evaluated applicants according to their *808 relationship to the school’s faculty members or members of its board of trustees, or in accordance with their ability to make or pledge large sums of money to the school. Finally, he asserts that he is a member and a proper representative of the class that has been damaged by the school’s practice. The school counters that no contract came into being because informational brochures, such as its bulletin, do not constitute **590 offers, but are onstrued by the courts to be general proposals to consider, examine and negotiate. The school points out that this doctrine has been specifically applied in Illinois to university informational publications. People ex rel. Tinkoff v. Northwestern University (1947), 333 Ill. App. 224, 77 N. E. 2d 345. In Tinkoff, a rejected applicant sued to force Northwestern to admit him , claiming that the university had violated the contract that arose when he demonstrated that he had met the school’s academic entrance requirements and had submitted his application and fee. His primary contention was that the school’s brochure was an offer and that his completion of the acts, required by the bulletin for application, constituted his acceptance. In rejecting this argument, the court stated: ‘Plaintiffs complain Tinkoff, Jr. was denied the right to contract as guaranteed by the Illinois and United States constitutions. We need only say that he had no right to contract with the University. His right to contract for and pursue an education is limited by the right which the University has under its charter. We see no merit to plaintiff’s contention that the rules and regulations were an offer of contract and his compliance therewith and acceptance giving rise to a binding contract. The wording of the bulletin required further action by the University in admitting Tinkoff, Jr. before a contract between them would arise. ‘ The court based its holding on the fact that Northwestern, as a private educational institution, had reserved in its State charter the right to reject any application for any reason it deemed adequate. Although the facts of the Tinkoff case are similar to the present situation, we believe that the defendant’s reliance upon it is misplaced. First, Steinberg is not claiming that his submission of the application and the $15 constituted an acceptance by him; he is merely maintaining that it was an offer, which required the subsequent acceptance of the school to create a contract. Also, it is obvious that his assertion that the bulletin of the school only amounted to an invitation to make an offer, is consistent with the prevailing law and the school’s own position. More importantly, Steinberg is not requesting that the school be ordered to admit him as a student, pursuant to the contract, but only that the school be prohibited from misleading prospective students by stating *809 in its informational literature, evaluation standards that are not subsequently used in the selection of students. Furthermore, the school does not allege, nor did it demonstrate by way of its bulletin or its charter that it had reserved the right to reject any applicant for any reason. It only stated certain narrow standards by which each and every applicant was to be evaluated. In relation to the preceding argument, the school also maintains that the $15 application fee did not amount to a legal consideration, but only constituted a pre-contracting expense. Consequently, the school argues that as a matter of law the $15 is not recoverable as damage even if a contract was eventually entered into and breached. Chicago Coliseum Club v. Dempsey (1932), 265 Ill. App. 542. In the Dempsey case, boxing promoters incurred expenses and entered into several contracts that were necessary for the staging of a heavyweight championship fight. However, most of the contracts were entered into prior to signing Dempsey (the then heavywright champion) for the event. For example, approximately a week prior to Dempsey’s signing, the plaintiff entered into a contract with a fighter named Wills, who was to be the champion’s opponent. Dempsey signed a contract but later breached it, and the fight promoters sued him for expenses incurred by them under the Wills contract and under other contracts **591 which had been entered into by them in anticipation of the champion signing a contract and fulfilling his obligation thereunder. The court stated: ‘The general rule is that in an action for a breach of contract a party can recover only on damages which naturally flow from and are the result of the act complained of. . . . The Wills contract was entered into prior to the contract with the defendant and was not made contingent upon the plaintiff’s obtaining a similar agreement with the defendant Dempsey. Under the circumstances the plaintiff speculated as to the result of his efforts to procure the Dempsey contract. . . Any obligations assumed by the plaintiff prior to that time (of contracting with Mr. Dempsey) are not chargeable to the defendant. ‘ The defendant’s reliance on the Dempsey case is also misplaced. Although it is a leading case for the proposition that expenses incurred during preliminary negotiations to procure a contract are not recoverable as damages, it has no relevance to the allegations of Steinberg’s complaint. The defendant misconceives and misstates his po sition when it asserts that the Tinkoff and Dempsey cases ‘are completely ispositive of plaintiff’s argument that the informational brochure constituted an ‘offer’ to evaluate applicants solely on the basis of criteria set forth therein, and the submission of an application with the $15. 00 fee the ‘consideration’ *810 binding that offer and effecting a consummated contract. ‘ He does not claim that the brochure was an offer and his submission of a fee an acceptance of that offer. To repeat, what he does claim is that the brochure was an invitation to make an offer; that his response was an offer, and that the school’s retention of his fee was an acceptance of that offer. We agree with Steinberg’s position. We believe that he and the school entered into an enforceable contract; that the school’s obligation under the contract was stated in the school’s bulletin in a definitive the school’s stated criteria. application fee–a valuable consideration–the school bound itself to fulfill its promises. Steinberg accepted the school’s promises in good faith and he was entitled to have his application judged according to the school’s stated creiteria. The school argues that he should not be allowed to recover because his complaint did not state a causal connection between the rejection of his application and the school’s alleged use of unpublished evaluation criteria. It points out that there is an equal probability that his application was rejected for failing to meet the stated standards, and since the cause of his damages is left to conjecture they may be attributed as easily to a condition for which there is no liability as to one for which there is. This argument focuses on the wrong point. Once again, Steinberg did not allege that he was damaged when the school rejected his application. He alleged that he was damaged when the school used evaluation criteria other than those published in the school’s bulletin. This ultimate, well-pleaded allegation was admitted by the school’s motion to dismiss. Logan v. Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Hospital (1968), 92 Ill. App. 2d 68, 235 N. E. 2d 851. The primary purpose of pleadings is to inform the opposite party and the court of the nature of the action and the facts on which it is based. The Civil Practice Act of Illinois provides that pleadings shall be liberally construed to the end that controversies may be settled on their merits. Jorgensen v. Baker (1959), 21 Ill. App. 2d 196, 157 N. E. 2d 773; Ill. Rev. Stat. , 1973, ch. 110, par. 33(3). Therefore, a cause of action should not be dismissed unless it clearly appears that no set of facts can be proven under the pleadings which will entitle the plaintiff to recover. **592 Herman v. Prudence Mutual Casualty Co. (1968), 92 Ill. App. 2d 222, 235 N. E. 2d 346. Additionally, a complaint will not be dismissed for failure to state a cause of action if the facts essential to its claim appear by reasonable implication. Johnson v. Illini Mutual Insurance Co. (1958), 18 Ill. App. 2d 211, 151 N. E. 2d 634. A complaint is not required to make out a case which will entitle the plaintiff to all of the sought-after relief, but it need only raise a fair question as to the existence of the right. People ex rel. Clark v. McCurdie (1966), 75 Ill. App. 2d 217, 220 N. E. 2d 318. Count I of Steinberg’s complaint stated a valid cause of action, and the portion of the trial court’s order dismissing that count will be reversed and remanded. Alternatively, the school asserts that if Steinberg is entitled to recover, the recovery should be limited to $15 because he is not a proper representative of the class of applicants that was supposed to be damaged by the school’s use of unpublished entrance standards. Fundamentally, it argues that it had no contract with Steinberg and since he does not have a cause of action, he cannot represent a class of people who may have similar claims. We have found, however, that he does have a cause of action. The primary test for the validity of a class action is whether the members of the class have a community of interest in the subject matter and the remedy. Smyth v. Kaspar American State Bank (1956), 9 Ill. 2d 27, 136 N. E. 2d 796. Even if the wrongs were suffered in unrelated transactions, a class action may stand as long as there are common factual and legal issues. Gaffney v. Shell Oil Co. (1974), 19 Ill. App. 3d 987, 312 N. E. 2d 753. The legal issue in this case would be the same as to each member of the class, and the factual issue–the amount payed by each member, an application fee of $15– identical. Steinberg alleged that in applying for admission to the school, each member of the class assumed that the school would use the selection factors set out in its 1974–75 bulletin, and that admission fees were paid and contracts created, but that each contract we breached in the same manner as his. This allegation established a community of interest between him and the other members of the class in terms of subject matter and remedy, and since he has a valid cause of action against the school, the class has also. He is a proper representative of the class and his suit is a proper vehicle to resolve the common factual and legal issues involved even though the members of the class suffered damage in separate transactions. However, the class action cannot be as extensive as Steinberg’s complaint requested. Recovery cannot be had by everyone who applied to the medical school during the ten years prior to the filing of his complaint. His action was predicated on standards described in the school’s 1974–75 brochure; therefore, the class to be represented is restricted to those applicants who sought admission in reliance on the standards in that brochure. We agree with the school’s contention that a State through its courts does not have the authority to interfere with the power of the trustees of a private medical school to make rules concerning the admission of students. The requirement in the case of public schools, applicable because they belong to the public, that admission regulations *812 must be reasonable is not pertinent in the case of a private school or university. 33 I. L. P. Schools, s 312. We also agree that using unpublished entrance requirements would not violate an applicant’s right to due process and equal protection of law. The provisions of the due process clause of the Federal constitution are inhibitions upon the power of government and not upon the freedom of action of private individuals. 16 Am. Jur. 2d, **593 Constitutional Law, sec. 557. The equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment does not prohibit the individual invasion of individual rights. Gilmore v. City of Montgomery (1974), 417 U. S. 556, 94 S. Ct. 2416, 41 L. Ed. 2d 304. The order dismissing Counts II, III and IV is affirmed. The order dismissing Count I is reversed. The cause is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with the views expressed in this opinion. Affirmed in part; reversed in part and remanded with directions. MEJDA, P. J. , and McGLOON, J. , concur. How to cite Steinberg V the Chicago Medical School, Papers

Molecular Biology Genes & Diseases

Question: Discuss about theMolecular Biology for Genes Diseases. Answer: Introduction The insulin-like growth factor family consists of three peptide hormones that include insulin, IGF-1 and IGH-2. They have 50% of their amino acid sequences in common (Le Roith 1997). They play a critical role in growth, differentiation and metabolism in almost every cell of the human body. Due to its diverse and far reaching roles it has been associated with several diseases and disorders and is a potential target for therapeutic intervention (Forbes 2016). IGF signaling is associated with decreased cell death and increased cell proliferation. Activation of IGF-1R leads to the activation of two pathways, PI3K/AKT and Ras/MAPK. PI3K/AKT pathway ultimately leads to decreased apoptosis, increased glucose metabolism, increased protein synthesis. On the other hand Ras/MAPK pathway leads to increased cellular proliferation by activating different transcription factors, such as ELK1. Cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion have been related to the activation of IGF-1R in many studies previously (Sachdev and Yee 2007). Cancers in lung, breast, colon, prostate are showed to be associated with increased level of plasma IGF (Pollak, Schernhammer and Hankinson 2004). Other members of IGF pathway are also proved to be involved with malignancies. This provides a way to treat cancers via modulating IGF pathway and various ligands involved with it. Drug resistance by tumors is one of the critical conditions in new age cancer treatment. As IGF pathway is involved in cell proliferation it shows a new era of treating these kinds of situations. Many studies have shown that modulating IGF pathway has promising effect in these cases (Denduluri et al. 2015). Ovarian cancer is the fifth most frequent cause of cancer death in women. In nearly half of ovarian and breast cancer patients, RAB25 mRNAs were found to be selectivey overexpressed at stage 3 and 4 serous epitheli al ovarian cancers in comparison to other genes located in the amplified region. Decreased expression of two proteins BAK and BAX were found to be associated with an inhibition of apoptosis in such cells. Simultaneously activation of PI3K/AKT pathway provided potential mechanisms to employ the effects of RAB25 on tumor aggressiveness (Lee et al. 2015). Involvement of PI3k/AKT pathway in the RAB25 related tumor aggressiveness leads to the way to treatment by modulating this pathway. Recently various evidences show that IGF-1 promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability and consequently reduces atherosclerosis in animal models. IGF-1 induces reduction of oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, proinflammatory signaling, and endothelial dysfunction, that helps prevent the disease. Aging has been widely linked with increased vascular oxidative stress and certain vascular diseases (Barzilai et al. 2012). It has been postulated IGF-1 may play a crucial role on vascular aging processes. There are various evidences that IGF-1 exerts pleiotropic effects on the vasculature resulting in reduced vascular oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling pathway (Higashi et al. 2012). By modulating IGF signaling disease related to stress or premature cell death or decreased cell death can be prevented in future. Further studies on signaling pathway of IGF show its potential role in regulation of autoimmune diseases. Though this area of treatment requires a lot more research and practical approaches, the role of IGF signaling is competent enough. Studies show that IGF-I can potentially protect animal models from developing insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus (Gao et al. 2011). On the contrary, patients with Graves disease have shown an overexpression of the IGF-1R in many cell types and antibodies against the receptor were prevalent in such patients. The frequency of IGF-IR positive B and T cells were found to be relatively high in patients with the disease. Hence, as IGF-1 and IGF-1R is found to be linked with the mentioned autoimmune disease modulation of the pathway might be a potential therapeutic target for managing the diseases and alleviating the health consequences (Smith 2010). The modulation of IGF pathway opens new ways to treat various diseases like different types of cancer, cellular stress-related diseases and immunological diseases also. It depends totally on massive research and practically showing the results on animal models to prove the modulation of IGF pathway actually showing some positive results. Comparative Genomic Hybridization: Comparative Genomic hybridization is a comparative study of two genomes by in situ hybridization technique that allows detection of differences in DNA sequences between the two genomes. Two genomes, one study and one reference genomes are differentially labeled after being denatured into single stranded DNA (Pinkel and Albertson 2005). These two genomes are then hybridized to normal metaphase spreads or to microarray. Ratio of the fluorescence intensity are then measured And plotted on a graphical manner. The graph can reveal locations of copy number changes in along the target chromosome or DNA sequences. It has been extensively used to identify genetic differences between normal cells and certain diseased cells mostly in cancer cell biology. It efficiently detects any gain or loss of genetic material in human genetic disorders by comparing the same with a reference genome, often a relevant normal cell genome. Primarily the effect of stable expression of Rab25, a hallmark of cancer has been assayed in all the parts of Figure 2. Other hallmarks that were also assayed were Bak and Bax nuclear proteins. Bak and Bax are two nuclear-encoded proteins that are capable of moving through mitochondrial membrane and induce cell death by apoptosis. Phosphorylation of AKT was also assayed during stable expression of Rab25 and in presence of RNAi. AKT or protein kinase B (PKB) is a protein kinase that plays key roles several cellular functions including apoptosis. Viral-mediated transduction is the most potent technique to produce stable cell lines with a overexpressing protein. Vectors are utilized for this purpose. Vectors are autonomously replicating DNA molecules that can be used to transfer DNA fragments to cells of interest. For transfecting mammalian cells, vectors derived from mammalian viruses are used that include Simian viruses (SV40), polyomavirus, herpesvirus and papovirus (Khan 2013). The Rab25 gene can be inserted into any one of the vector mentioned and the same gene can be transferred to an appropriate mammalian cell line by viral transfection. Mammalian cell lines that are extensively used for this purpose are HeLa, HEK293T, U2OS so on and so forth. Compared to transient transfection, stable transfected cell lines are produced to analyze impact of altered gene expression over a long time period. Generally, antibiotic resistance or fluorescent reporter cell markers are incorporated into plasmid or vector DNA to create selectio n criteria. Clonal Selection can be done by appropriate selection controls. The selected colony is used to produce monoclonal cell line development and consequently producing a stable cell line generation. The expression and stability is checked on a regular basis. The construct expression is then validated by qRT-PCR and/or Western blot techniques. Assay (e) was performed to evaluate the levels of Bak and Bax proteins in the four different ovarian cancer cell lines namely A2780 and hey and immortalized ovarian cancer cell lines T29 and T80 where there is overexpression of the protein Rab25. Bak protein levels are found to be lower in Rab25 expressing A2780, HEY and T29 cells as compared to pcDNA cells. In T80 cell lines Bak was overexpressed showing that Bak levels are regulated by other factors in certain cells. Bax levels were low in A2780 and Hey cells but not in T29 and T80 cells. In assay (f) Bak and Bax levels were measured in A2780 cells were Rab25 expression is downregulated by RNAi. The downregulation of Rab25 nullified Rab25 mediated inhibition of Bak and Bax and hence the two protein levels were found to be high in the cell lines. Bak and Bax are two nuclear proteins that can travel to mitochondrial outer membrane upon activation of relevant signaling pathway and is essential for mitochondrial permiabilisation during apoptosis (Dewson and Kluck 2009). These two proteins play a significant role in intrinsic apoptotic pathway in mammalian cells and as a result they have being extensively studied for therapeutic purposes to block apoptosis. Motility of cells where Rab25 is overexpressed or knocked down can be assayed by standard apoptotic assay methods. Cleavage of the genomic DNA into discrete fragments and consequently membrane disintegration are key features that occur during apoptosis and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. DNA cleavage being hallmark of apoptosis is often measured to assay apoptotic cell death. The DNA fragments can be assayed by ELISA quantification of histone-complexed DNA fragments. Furthermore, caspases are a class of protein that are expressed and involved in the early stages of apoptosis. Activation of the caspase proteins can be assay to determine the stage of apoptosis in a cell (Suzuki, Nakabayashi and Takahashi 2001). This can be done by in vitro enzyme assay or by detection of cleavage of an in vivo caspase substrate. Furthermore to assess the motility transwell migration assay can be performed to assess cell movement and migration. In Transwell migration assay there are two chambers; the cell s uspension placed on the upper chamber and chemoattractants are placed in the lower chamber. Cells that are motile will migrate through the membrane and get attached to the lower side of the upper chamber; non-migratory cells will remain on the upper chamber. The migratory cells can then be labeled and quantified to assess the motility of the cell lines with overexpressed and knocked out Rab25 protein. References Barzilai, N., Huffman, D.M., Muzumdar, R.H. and Bartke, A., 2012. The critical role of metabolic pathways in aging.Diabetes,61(6), pp.1315-1322. Denduluri, S.K., Idowu, O., Wang, Z., Liao, Z., Yan, Z., Mohammed, M.K., Ye, J., Wei, Q., Wang, J., Zhao, L. and Luu, H.H., 2015. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling in tumorigenesis and the development of cancer drug resistance.Genes Diseases,2(1), pp.13-25. Dewson, G. and Kluck, R.M., 2009. Mechanisms by which Bak and Bax permeabilise mitochondria during apoptosis.Journal of cell science,122(16), pp.2801-2808. Forbes, B.E., 2016. Two years in IGF research.Growth Hormone IGF Research. Gao, J., Chesebrough, J.W., Cartlidge, S.A., Ricketts, S.A., Incognito, L., Veldman-Jones, M., Blakey, D.C., Tabrizi, M., Jallal, B., Trail, P.A. and Coats, S., 2011. Dual IGF-I/IIneutralizing antibody MEDI-573 potently inhibits IGF signaling and tumor growth.Cancer research,71(3), pp.1029-1040. Higashi, Y., Sukhanov, S., Anwar, A., Shai, S.Y. and Delafontaine, P., 2012. Aging, atherosclerosis, and IGF-1.The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, p.gls102. Khan, K.H., 2013. Gene expression in mammalian cells and its applications.Adv Pharm Bull,3(2), pp.257-63. Lee, J.S., Kang, J.H., Boo, H.J., Hwang, S.J., Hong, S., Lee, S.C., Park, Y.J., Chung, T.M., Youn, H., Lee, S.M. and Kim, B.J., 2015. STAT3-mediated IGF-2 secretion in the tumour microenvironment elicits innate resistance to anti-IGF-1R antibody.Nature communications,6. Pinkel, D. and Albertson, D.G., 2005. Comparative genomic hybridization.Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet.,6, pp.331-354. Pollak, M.N., Schernhammer, E.S. and Hankinson, S.E., 2004. Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia.Nature Reviews Cancer,4(7), pp.505-518. Sachdev, D. and Yee, D., 2007. Disrupting insulin-like growth factor signaling as a potential cancer therapy.Molecular cancer therapeutics,6(1), pp.1-12. Smith, T.J., 2010. Insulin-like growth factor-I regulation of immune function: a potential therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases?.Pharmacological reviews,62(2), pp.199-236. Suzuki, Y., Nakabayashi, Y. and Takahashi, R., 2001. Ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein promotes proteasomal degradation of caspase-3 and enhances its anti-apoptotic effect in Fas-induced cell death.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,98(15), pp.8662-8667.

My American Journey Essays - Recipients Of The Legion Of Merit

My American Journey Book Report on Colin Powell's My American Journey Introduction Retired General Colin Powell is the former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He spent a career in the United States Army lasting 35 years. He retired at the rank of four star general. He started his military education and career at the City College of New York in 1954. He was the son of Luther and Arie Powell of New York, born on the 5th of April 1937. His parents were meager people and he lived in a rented apartment until the age of 4 when he moved to the South Bronx where he finished his lower education and received his high school diploma. Upon graduating high school he applied to two universities, New York University (NYU) and the City College of New York (CCNY). He was accepted to both of the colleges but due to a price difference, NYU was $750 and CCNY was $10 a Year, he enrolled in CCNY. He was commissioned out of the CCNY ROTC program 4 years later and entered the army in June of 1958. After the officer's basic course and various other military courses he received his fi rst duty station as a platoon leader in the 3rd Armor Division in West Germany. From here began what came to be a most illustrious military career, consisting of a command track from platoon level to the commander of FORSCOM with numerous White House positions. He retired from his last command, the Army's highest-ranking Military Officer, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was also asked by many of his supporters to run for the office of President, which he declined. The City College of New York ROTC The book contained information on Colin Powell that proved more interesting as the page number increased. Some of the events of his life were more interesting than other parts. How his Army career started as a ROTC cadet and not an academy student was surprising to find out. General Powell was also able to serve two tours of Duty in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Racism also played a significant role in the career of this acclaimed Army general. The entire book is complete with many different scenarios with many of his different leadership, but these points provided a base for his career. At CCNY Colin Powell would get his first glimpse of the United States Army. He started his college education majoring in engineering and ended changing it to geology the second semester. He decided after an engineering class that engineering was not for him and needed to find something more suitable to his academic appetite. His parents and relatives were appalled by this decision because the job prospects for geologists weren't such a great aspect for a young black college graduate. He had found information on ROTC and decided to give the program a chance. Here he found his place in life and decided that he would receive the Army commission and become a lieutenant upon graduation. This also satisfied the worried family members because this job promised a pension after 20 years of service. While in ROTC he was asked to join a number of military clubs and fraternities. He accepted the invitation from the ?Pershing Rifles.? At this time this was the most elite of the military groups and had the most closeness between members. The ROTC program at CCNY consisted of fourteen hundred cadets and competition for the top positions was tight. It was in ROTC where Colin Powell experienced his first run in with racism in the military. He was chosen the best cadet of Company D and then from there went up for the best cadet of the entire program. He was able to take a secure second place in this competition. It was at this time one of the cadre came to him and told him that he knew why he did not get the first position. He told him that the reason was because the rest of the cadre did not want to admit that the best cadet at CCNY was a Negro. It didn't quite strike home upon hearing the statement, Colin had said that

Trajan, the Roman Empire and Soldier

Trajan, the Roman Empire and Soldier Born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Trajan was a soldier who spent most of his life involved in campaigns. When delivered the news that he was adopted by Roman Emperor Nerva, and even after Nerva died, Trajan remained in Germany until he had completed his campaign. His major campaigns as emperor were against the Dacians, in 106, which vastly increased the Roman imperial coffers, and against the Parthians, beginning in 113, which was not a clear and decisive victory. His imperial name was Imperator Caesar Divi Nervae filius Nerva Traianus Optimus Augustus Germanicus Dacicus Parthicus. He reigned as Roman emperor from A.D. 98-117. Although we dont know the details, Trajan set up cash subsidies to help raise poor children. He is well known for his building projects. Trajan also built an artificial harbor at Ostia. Birth and Death Future Roman emperor, Marcus Ulpius Traianus or Trajan was born at Italica, in Spain, on September 18, A.D. 53. After having appointed Hadrian his successor, Trajan died while returning to Italy from the east. Trajan died on 9 August A.D. 117, after suffering a stroke, in the Cilician town of Selinus. Family of Origin His family came from Italica, in Spanish Baetica. His father was Ulpius Trajanaus and his mother was named Marcia. Trajan had a 5 year  older sister named Ulpia Marciana. Trajan was adopted by the Roman Emperor Nerva and made his heir, which entitled him to call himself the son of Nerva: CAESARI DIVI NERVAE F, literally, the son of the divine Caesar Nerva. Titles and Honors Trajan was officially designated optimus best or optimus princeps best chief in 114. He provided 123 days of public celebration for his Dacian triumph and had his Dacian and Germanic successes recorded in his official title. He was posthumously made divine (divus) as had his predecessor (Caesar Divus Nerva). Tacitus refers to the beginning of Trajans reign as a most blessed age (beatissimum saeculum). He was also made Pontifex Maximus. Sources Literary sources on Trajan include Pliny the Younger, Tacitus, Cassius Dio, Dio of Prusa, Aurelius Victor and Eutropius. Despite their number, there is little reliable written information about Trajans reign. Since Trajan sponsored building projects, there is archaeological and epigraphical (from inscriptions) testimony. Trajan Optimus Princeps - A Life and Times, by Julian Bennett. Indiana University Press, 1997. ISBN 0253332168. 318 Pages.

Frequently Asked Questions About Sexual Assault and Abuse

Frequently Asked Questions About Sexual Assault and Abuse Protecting your child from sexual assault or helping your child if they have been sexually abused can be traumatic and confusing. Many people share the same questions and concerns. Here are comments, frequently asked question, and feedback about the topic of child abuse and sexual assault. 11 Common Frequently Asked Questions About Sexual Assault I am afraid of scaring my children by talking to them about sexual abuse, but I am also afraid not to talk to them about it. What should I do? Answer: There are many things that we teach our children to be careful about or about how to react to different scary situations. For example, how to cross the street (looking both ways) and what to do in the case of a fire (drop and roll). Add the topic of sexual abuse to the other safety tips that you give to your children and remember, the subject is often more frightening to parents than to their children. I do not know how to tell if someone is a sex offender. Its not like they wear a sign around their neck. Is there any sure way to identify them? Answer:  There is no way to tell who is a sex offender, with the exception of offenders listed on sex offender registries online. Even then, the chances that would recognize the offenders in a public place is questionable. That is why it is important to trust your instincts, keep an open dialog with your children, stay aware of your surroundings and the people involved with your children, and follow general safety guidelines. People may falsely accuse someone of being a sex offender or of being sexually abused.  How do you know for sure what or who to believe? Answer:  According to research, the crime of sexual assault is no more falsely reported than other crimes. In fact, victims of sexual assault, especially children, will often hide that they have been victimized because of self-blame, guilt, shame or fear. If someone (an adult or child) tells you that they have been sexually abused or identifies the person that sexually abused them, it is best to believe them and offer your full support. Avoid interrogating them and allow them  to decide the details that they are comfortable sharing with you. Help guide them to the proper channels for finding help. How does a parent possibly handle knowing that their child was sexually assaulted? I am fearful that I would fall apart. Answer: A common fear with children who have been victimized, is how their parents will react when they find out what has happened. Children want to make their parents happy, not upset them. They may feel ashamed and fear that it will somehow alter how a parent feels about them or relates to them. That is why it is paramount that if you know or suspect that your child has been sexually assaulted that you remain in control, make them feel safe, nurture them and show them your love. You must be strong and remember that the trauma that your child has endured is the issue. Redirecting the focus away from them to you, by displaying out of control emotions, is not be helpful. Find a support team and counseling to help you deal with your emotions so that you can remain strong for your child. How can children ever recover from such an experience? Answer:  Children are resilient. It has been shown that children who can talk about their experience with someone that they trust, often heals more quickly than those that keep it inside or who are not believed. Offering full parental support and providing the child with professional care can help the child and family to heal. Is it true that some children willingly participate in sexual activities and are partly to blame for what happened? Answer: Children cannot legally consent to sexual activity, even if they say that it was consensual. It is important to remember that  sexual abusers use deviant ways to gain control over their victims. They are highly manipulative, and it is common for them to make victims feel that they are to blame for the assault. If the child feels that they somehow caused the sexual assault, they will be less likely to tell their parents about it. When dealing with a child that has been sexually assaulted, it is important to reassure them that nothing that was done to them by an adult was their fault, no matter what the abuser did or said to make them feel otherwise. There is so much about sex offenders on the news. How can parents avoid being overprotective with their children? Answer: It is important that children learn how to react to the possible dangers that they may be confronted with in life. By being overprotective or exhibiting irrational fear, children tend to become helpless. It is more productive to teach children common sense, provide them with the information that can help them, and keep an open and inviting dialog going so that they feel safe to talk about their problems. I am fearful that I will not know that my child has been a victim. How can a parent tell? Answer:   Unfortunately, some children never tell that they have been victims of sexual abuse. However, the more informed parents are about what to look for, the better the odds are that they will recognize that something has happened to their child. Learn to keep close tabs on your instincts and look for any change in your childs behavior that is concerning. Do not dismiss thoughts that something might be wrong.   Is the court process terribly traumatic for child victims? Are they forced to relive the abuse? Answer:  Ã‚  Children who go through the court process often feel that they had regained the control that was lost when they were sexually assaulted. The court process can become part of the healing process. In many states, there are professionally trained personnel and child-friendly places designed to help child victims through the interview process. If my child is a victim of sexual abuse, does talking to them about it afterward make it worse? Answer:  Ã‚  A child should not feel that they are being forced to talk about being sexually assaulted. Be careful that you are opening the door for them to talk, but not forcing them through the door. Most children will open up when they are ready. It will help them to get to that point by knowing that when that time comes, you will be there for them. What should I do if I suspect someone is sexually abusing my child or child in the neighborhood? Answer:  Ã‚  It is best to contact the authorities and let them investigate. If you suspect the abuse because of something your child or another child told you, your primary role is to believe the child and give them your support.

Organizational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Organizational Behaviour - Essay Example As a leader, it is essential to be accountable for any occurrences in the school. To fulfill my mission, I need to point the school where I think it should go and try to keep it on the correct path. As an agent of change, I aim to lead improvement and change in management of various critical schooling components through development of collectively held, strong, and clear institutional mission. My philosophy also improves management by being responsible for the school’s overall administration. Finally, I also aim to be a researcher who examines trends, comes up with hypotheses, predicts, and tests the hypotheses to improve administrative capabilities. Then, identify the five* most important leadership skills, competencies or attributes that you think will be required to succeed in your profession/occupation in the future. Oral communication is an important skill in a leader, of which one has to be articulate, able to make clearly oral presentations of ideas and facts, and make a good impression (Kouzes & Posner, 2012: p40). Another central attribute of an effective leader is vision, which is the ability to foresee the future, as well as predict the unknowable. It also allows the leader to come up with the business’ strategic view, as well as the role that effective leadership will play in this strategic viewpoint. Thirdly, Integrity and honesty is another important attribute for a leader. This is important for the employees to buy into the proposals made by the leader, especially because it is representative of the leader’s overall character and establishes their credibility. Fourthly, innovation as a skill is important for school leaders because the institution will only be as innovative as the leader since internal innovation begins with the leader (Kouzes & Posner, 2012: p42). Finally, one should also be self-motivated with a clear vision about the direction the institution is taking, as well as where their professional life is headed. Se lect three of these and describe why an understanding of these are important and/or of practical use to business leaders and/or their companies. It is important to understand the importance of self-motivation because it can be contagious to employees around, while also possessing the ability to draw them aboard the leader’s vision. A self-motivated leader also recognizes the need for employees to work as a team to increase their productivity (Kouzes & Posner, 2012: p51). Self-motivated leaders also push themselves and others to accomplish set goals and are able to gain the trust of employees. The use of innovation by leaders is also of utmost importance today, especially with the global nature of today’s institutions. The ability of the institution to innovate should start with the leader, especially in the tapping of new ideas from employees that create value, as well as that of parents, students, and the community (Kouzes & Posner, 2012: p54). Innovation today is a v ital driver of valuation, performance, and growth and leaders must ensure they are at the forefront. Finally, oral communication is of special importance to a school administrator to translate technical knowledge to staff in a way they can understand. It is also essential in communication of ideas so that the administrator’s idea is not dismissed or misinterpreted by their subordinates (Kouzes & Posner,